Stefan’s Diaries Origins Chapter 22 Free Essays

The seven day stretch of the Founders Ball accompanied a virus spell that sunk into Mystic Falls and would not leave. Women strolled around town in midafternoon in fleece coats and cloaks, and the nighttimes were shady and black. Out in the field, laborers worried about an early ice. We will compose a custom exposition test on Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 22 or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now In any case, that didn’t prevent individuals from as distant as Atlanta coming into town for the ball. The lodging was full, and the whole town had a jubilee like air in the days paving the way to the occasion. Damon was back at Veritas, his strange residency with the detachment over. I hadn’t revealed to him that Katherine and I were going to the Founders Ball, and he hadn’t inquired. Rather, I’d busied myself with work, feeling restored force about taking over Veritas. I needed to demonstrate to Father that I was not kidding about the domain and about growing up and expecting my place on the planet. He’d been giving me greater obligation, permitting me to investigate the records and in any event, urging me to go to Richmond with Robert to go to a domesticated animals closeout. I could see my life, quite a while from now. I’d run Veritas, and Katherine would run within the home, facilitating gatherings and playing the infrequent game around evening time with Father. The evening of the ball, Alfred thumped on my entryway. â€Å"Sir? Do you require any assistance?† he asked as I swung the entryway open. I looked at my appearance in the mirror. I was wearing a dark since quite a while ago followed suit, with my hair slicked back. I looked more seasoned, increasingly sure. Alfred followed my look. â€Å"Looking brilliant, sir,† he permitted. â€Å"Thank you. I’m ready,† I stated, my heart shuddering in energy. The previous evening, Katherine had prodded me pitilessly, not giving me any pieces of information with respect to what she was going to wear. I couldn’t hold on to see her. I knew she’d be the most delightful young lady at the ball. Progressively significant, she was mine. I headed down the steps, calmed that Damon was mysteriously gone. I pondered whether he was going to the Founders Ball with a portion of his military companions or maybe one of the town’s young ladies. He’d been far off of late, difficult to track down in the first part of the day and at the bar around evening time. Outside, the ponies were pawing at the drive. I entered the holding up mentor, which cut clopped its way to the carriage house. I looked out the window, and saw Katherine and Emily remaining at the front entryway. Emily wore a basic dark silk dress, however Katherine †¦ I needed to press my go into the carriage seat to shield from leaping out of the moving mentor. Her dress was emerald green, nipping in at the midsection dress was emerald green, nipping in at the abdomen before streaming over her hips. The bodice was low and tight and flaunted her velvety white skin, and her hair was pulled back on the highest point of her head, uncovering her smooth, swan-like neck. The subsequent Alfred pulled back on the horses’ reins, I opened the entryway of the mentor and jumped out, grinning extensively as Katherine’s eyes got mine. â€Å"Stefan!† Katherine inhaled, lifting her skirts marginally as she floated down the steps. â€Å"Katherine.† I delicately kissed her cheek before I offered my arm to her. Together, we turned and strolled toward the carriage, where Alfred remained with the entryway open. The way to Mystic Falls was loaded up with new mentors of every kind, prompting the Lockwood house on the most distant finish of town. I felt a rush of expectation. This was the first run through I’d ever accompanied a young lady to the Founders Ball. In every single earlier year, I’d burned through the greater part of the nighttimes playing poker with my companions. Perpetually a debacle occurred. A year ago, Matthew Hartnett had become inebriated on bourbon and had inadvertently unfastened the ponies from his parents’ mentor, and two years back, Nathan Layman had gotten into a fistfight with Grant Vanderbilt, and both wound up with broken noses. We gradually advanced up to the chateau, at long last arriving at the front walk. Alfred halted the ponies and let us out. I bound my fingers with Katherine’s, and together we strolled through the open entryways of the chateau and made a beeline for the lounge area. The high-ceilinged room had been freed from all furnishings, and the candlelight loaned a warm, strange sparkle to the dividers. A band in the corner played Irish reels, and couples were at that point starting to move, despite the fact that the night was youthful. I pressed Katherine’s hand, and she grinned up at me. â€Å"Stefan!† I spun around and saw Mr. what's more, Mrs. Cartwright. I dropped Katherine’s hand right away. Mrs. Cartwright’s eyes were red, and she was emphatically thin contrasted with the last time I saw her. In the mean time, Mr. Cartwright appeared to have matured ten years. His hair was snow-white, and he was strolling with the guide of a stick. Both wore purple twigs of vervainâ€a tuft stood out of Mr. Cartwright’s front pocket, and the blossoms were woven into Mrs. Cartwright’s hatâ€but other than that, they were clad altogether in dark, for grieving. â€Å"Mr. also, Mrs. Cartwright,† I stated, my stomach gripping with blame. In truth, I’d about overlooked that Rosalyn and I had been locked in. â€Å"It’s great to see you.† â€Å"Y could have seen us sooner if you’d come ou to approach us,† Mr. Cartwright said. He could scarcely conceal the hatred in his voice when his look arrived on Katherine. â€Å"But I comprehend you more likely than not been in profound †¦ melancholy as well.† â€Å"I will come since I know you’re taking visitors,† I said falteringly, pulling at my neckline, which unexpectedly felt very close around my neck. â€Å"No need,† Mrs. Cartwright said frigidly as she ventured into her sleeve to pull out a tissue. Katherine fastened Mrs. Cartwright’s hand. Mrs. Cartwright looked down, an appearance of stun all over. An influx of dread went through me, and I battled the desire to step among them and shield Katherine from their indignation. Be that as it may, at that point Katherine grinned, and incredibly, the two Cartwrights grinned back. â€Å"Mr. what's more, Mrs. Cartwright, I am so upset for your loss,† she said energetically, holding their looks. â€Å"I lost my folks during the Atlanta attack, and I realize how hard it is. I didn’t know Rosalyn well, however I do realize she will never be forgotten.† Mrs. Cartwright cleaned out her nose uproariously, her eyes watering. â€Å"Thank you, dear,† she said respectfully. Mr. Cartwright applauded his significant other. â€Å"Y thank you.† He went to me, sympathy es, supplanting the contempt that had involved his eyes just minutes sooner. â€Å"And please deal with Stefan. I know he’s suffering.† Katherine grinned as the couple rejoined the group. I expanded in awe. â€Å"Did you force them? † I asked, the word tasting severe in my mouth. â€Å"No!† Katherine set her hand over her heart. â€Å"That was classic, graciousness. Presently, let’s dance,† she stated, pulling me toward the enormous dance hall. Fortunately, the move floor was a smash of bodies and the lighting was low, so it was practically difficult to make out explicit individuals. Blossom wreaths dangled from the roof, and the marble floor was waxed to a sheen. The air was hot and cloying, with the fragrance of many contending aromas. I put my hand on Katherine’s shoulders and attempted to unwind into the three step dance. In any case, I despite everything felt unsteady. The discussion with the Cartwrights had blended my still, small voice, causing me to feel ambiguously backstabbing to Rosalyn’s memory, and to Damon. Had I sold out him some way or another by not disclosing to him that Katherine and I were at the ball together? Was it wrong that I’d been thankful for his delayed unlucky deficiencies? The band halted, and as ladies balanced their dresses and got a handle on their partners’ hands once more, I made a beeline for the reward table in the corner. â€Å"Are all of you right, Stefan?† Katherine asked, skimming up close to me, stress lines wrinkling her dazzling temple. I gestured, yet I didn’t break my step. â€Å"Just thirsty,† I lied. â€Å"Me too.† Katherine stood hopefully as I scooped the dim red punch into a gem tumbler. I passed the glass to her and looked as she drank profoundly, thinking about whether that was what she resembled when she drank blood. At the point when she set the glass on the table, she had the smallest hint of red fluid around her mouth. I couldn’t help it. With my pointer I cleared the drop off the side of her bow-molded mouth. At that point I put my finger in my own mouth. It tasted sweet and tart. â€Å"Are you sure you’re all right?† Katherine inquired. â€Å"I’m stressed over Damon,† I admitted as I presented myself with a glass of punch. â€Å"But why?† Katherine asked, certified disarray enrolling all over. â€Å"Because of you,† I said essentially. Katherine took the tumbler from me and drove me away from the reward table. â€Å"He’s like a sibling to me,† she stated, contacting my temple with her frosty fingers. â€Å"I’m like his younger sibling. Y know ou this.† â€Å"But each one of those occasions when I was wiped out? When you and he were together? It appeared †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It appeared as though I required a friend,† Katherine said immovably. â€Å"Damon’s a tease. He doesn’t need to be secured, nor would I need to be attached to him. Y ou are my affection, and Damon is my brother.† Surrounding us, couples twirled in the semi-obscurity, dunking so as to the music and giggling joyously at private jokes, apparently cool as a cucumber. They, as well, needed to stress over assaults and the war and shock, yet they despite everything giggled and moved. Why couldn’t I also? For what reason did I al

Hegemonic Masculinity

Domineering Masculinity Acquaintance This article endeavors with fundamentally and completely survey the idea of authoritative manliness. The domineering manliness hypothesis is especially noteworthy in understanding ideas, for example, the inclination of men to savagery, the assessment of informal organization examination corresponding to authoritative manliness and the connections between social character and the occupation that somebody has a place to.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Hegemonic Masculinity explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper starts with a presentation and an investigation of the idea of domineering manliness and continues to fundamentally break down articles that address the idea according to sexual orientation and social change. Authoritative Masculinity Hegemonic manliness, a persuasive hypothesis in sex considers was first best in class by R.W Connell; the expression is utilized to portray a social build that is a benchmark for assess ment of every single other type of manliness. (Momsen, 2004 p.81-83) Hegemonic manliness confines and characterizes manly conduct inside a given social setting and every other type of manliness are believed to be subordinate to it. In the general public, authoritative manliness isn't the common type of manliness; rather, it is a norm, supported by the general public, against which, men are estimated (Schipper, 2009 p.19-20). Domineering manliness is a hypothesis that suggests that, there exists a standardizing standard for male conduct in the public arena; men in the general public are intended to achieve these set measures of manliness. The hypothesis is described by the tendency of men to command other men and to subordinate ladies. Domineering manliness is portrayed by hostility, independence, and desire, perspectives that are empowered in men however are debilitated in ladies. A few reactions have been leveled against the Hegemonic manliness hypothesis. Connell, the first defend er of the hypothesis refered to his motivation as being established in women's activist speculations that managed the idea of male centric society and the related issues about the job of men in adjusting the idea of man centric society. Pundits fight that the hypothesis is answerable for cultivating negative mentalities towards the idea of man controlled society (Howson, 2006 p.64). It is guaranteed by pundits of the hypothesis that authoritative manliness is just a hypothetical viewpoint and it can't be interpreted in reality circumstance. An evaluate progressed suggests that the hypothesis can be imagined as a sort of projection that intentionally defrauds ladies as opposed to men.Advertising Looking for paper on sex contemplates? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This exploitation is done either on the whole or restricted to people. This is to state, the hypothesis can't be firmly differentiated or applied in looking at th e lives of any genuine men. Moreover, the pundits of the Hegemonic manliness hypothesis recommend that the hypothesis on a very basic level misinterprets the psychological portrayal of male character. Pundits additionally partner the hypothesis with encouraging mentalities of male predominance and negative machismo as showed by unreasonable animosity and undue independence. (On the same page) The domineering hypothesis has likewise been portrayed as giving estimated, undefined and erroneous delineation of the idea of sexual orientation and manliness since it doesn't consider the flimsy idea of all types of manliness (Howson, 2006 p.5-7). In summation, notwithstanding the various reactions that have been progressed against the hypothesis, Hegemonic manliness was and still is a noteworthy hypothesis that gives a top to bottom investigation of the idea of manliness (Speer, 2005 p.107-109). To sufficiently talk about the hypothesis of Hegemonic manliness, it is essential to audit variou s articles that address the idea and basically inspecting the related ideas of sex and social change. Opening Men, Unmasking Masculinities: Doing Men’s work In Prison The article endeavors to build up a believable connection between authoritative manliness and culpability. There has been earlier research that has been done to investigate this connection; be that as it may, what makes this methodology distinctive is that it looks to investigate the relationship between's remedial mediations and the ruinous impacts of hyper manliness in jail. Hyper manliness alludes to the over accentuation on customary male conduct showed by quality, virility and hostility. (Kimmel and Aronson, 2004 p.503-507) The article looks at two related projects started in men’s penitentiaries in California and Massachusetts. The study was conveyed by conferences and perception with volunteer. Basically, the article shows how the program endeavors to deconstruct hyper manliness in restorative offi ces and its belongings in helping prisoners in rethinking the idea so as to create master social outcomes.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Hegemonic Masculinity explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These projects applied are parts of the Mankind venture, a huge deliberate association that is established on the way of thinking of the mythopoeticmen’s development that stresses mental self improvement, remedial methods and self-awareness. Basically, the point of the program is to reorient the inmates’ view of manliness in a way that will serve them better both in jail and in their lives in the wake of being reintegrated into society (Karp, 2010 p.63). The report features the connection between rough wrongdoing and sexual orientation. The figures in the article uncover that a greater number of men than ladies get captured and sentenced for brutal violations rather than a bigger number of ladies than men who get captured for peaceful wr ongdoings, for example, prostitution and fleeing from home However, the insights likewise show that lately, there has been an expansion in the quantity of females captured and indicted for fierce wrongdoings. Research uncovers that, this expansion that has been seen can be ascribed to the net-enlarging of the criminal equity framework and not really because of a genuine increment in the commission of rough violations by females (Karp, 2010 p.63). Various speculations have been progressed trying to clarify why a bigger number of ladies than men perpetrate wrongdoings. The strain hypothesis suggests that culpability is a component of insatiability and extreme cultural accentuation on material belongings. Anyway this hypothesis doesn't clarify why a bigger number of men than ladies carry out wrongdoing seeing as ladies are exposed to a similar strain as men seem to be. Additionally, the marking hypothesis suggests that guiltiness is brought about by disgrace, criticism and out throwing particularly of individuals from minority gatherings. Be that as it may, this hypothesis doesn't clarify why ladies, who are exposed to indistinguishable conditions from men, are not as slanted to perpetrate wrongdoings (Karp, 2010 p.64-65). The article recommends that the unique paces of culpability among people can be clarified by the authoritative manliness conceptualization.Advertising Searching for paper on sexual orientation considers? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This suggests the domineering idea of manliness that stresses quality and hostility inclines men to brutality and therefore savage wrongdoing (Messerschmitt, 1993 p.27-30). Authoritative manliness is the select reason of men and this may clarify why a larger number of men than ladies carry out fierce violations. As I would like to think, the hypothesis of Hegemonic manliness as the conceivable clarification of the different paces of brutal wrongdoing commission by people is to a huge degree exact. This is on the grounds that; every single other hypothesis of guiltiness satisfactorily address the reasons for the wonders however don't consider why a bigger number of men than ladies carry out fierce wrongdoings. The Hegemonic manliness hypothesis enough tends to this inquiry. In acknowledgment of this reality, the article looks at the intercessions being started in the punitive framework, for example the humankind venture, within circle establishment and the Jericho circle venture. Thes e activities are intended to offer the detainees a chance to encounter self disclosure and self-awareness trying to counter the negative impacts of domineering and hyper manliness. A Social Network Analysis The article attempts to include significant hypothesis on public activity presented by Connell’s in two schools. The social hypothesis on sex was created by Robert Connell to address the common sexual, sex and force imbalance among people. The hypothesis looks at the sexual orientation based division of work, power and the idea of carthexis (Connell, 1987 p.64-65). The article utilizes arithmetical strategies to look at power undertakings, savagery and social associations corresponding to the male matchless quality convictions of the understudies. In the optional school being referred to; one exhibited the legitimacy of Connell’s hypothesis in the way that Hegemonic manliness was put on the pecking order of different types of manliness. The other auxiliary school ha s an alternate direction that exhibits the help for the other perspective that sex is social and that the estimated impacts are obvious, significantly subsequent to considering and representing the remainder of the logical variables. This delineates the way that there is significant observational proof to help Connell’s hypothesis (Usher and Robbins, 2010 p.23-25) The examination looks at a decision class and a white collar class school in Australia. The diverse various leveled structures are clarified by the way that, the decision class school cultivates mentalities that depend on manliness. The working class school has an auxiliary condition demonstrating (SEM) approach that thinks about the impacts of male strength, gay-male homophobia, hostile to scholastic perspectives and mentalities of against women's liberation. The article proposes to build up a connection between gende

A List of Social Issues in America

A List of Social Issues in AmericaHow to make a list of social issues in America? This is an interesting question that asks, what are the most important issues in our society today? This article will discuss four such issues.Sex - Are you comfortable with the way things are and is it becoming more acceptable to discuss sexuality? Yes, this is a serious issue in America. You can now find nearly any person in our society who is comfortable with the expression of sexuality and not just at church or in the church group.Race - Are there serious issues of race? Can we get along? Yes, we can get along. But, there are many people who do not feel safe, secure and comfortable in our society today.Divorce - Are the pressures of marriage breaking down our personal relationships? Yes, this is a serious issue. It can have a major impact on our lives as it adversely affects our mental and physical health.Religious Issues - Are there religious issues in our society? Yes, there are; are there good re ligious leaders who are providing adequate guidance to the people who are being raised in their religion?Global Problems - Are we in control of our environment? Yes, we are. The global problems are the product of capitalism that took advantage of the rest of the world without accountability for the effects on the developing countries.Government Action - Are we having good governmental action for the population? Yes, we are. Too often we have criminal activities, drugs, prostitution, etc.These issues are just a small sampling of the concerns facing us in this nation today. There are many other issues but these should give you a clear picture as to how we live in our society today.

Self Assessment In Self Leadership Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1740 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction Self leadership is normally defined as a process whereby individuals are able to control their own behavior and at the same time lead and influence others to follow them (Neck, 2006). The individuals are able to use several behavioral strategies to empower and lead others. They also use several skills to attain self influence, self motivation and also achieve a certain self direction that is necessary to undertake the leadership process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Self Assessment In Self Leadership Business Essay" essay for you Create order Individuals who strive to become self leaders need to have certain competencies such as self awareness, tolerance, adaptability, emotional resilience, self reflection or assessment among others. One needs to identify the growth experiences that exist and that can lead to development or provide support when one is carrying out the leadership process (Rothstein, 2010). In this context self reflection or self assessment in self leadership are held to be important practices when it comes to human resource development. This paper discusses and critiques self assessment within the context of self leadership and discusses the implications on contemporary human resource practice. It also gives recommendations on further research that can be done on self assessment in self leadership. Literature Review Several studies have been carried out in regard to self leadership. Christopher Neck (2006) defines it as the process of controlling oneà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s behavior and at the same time leading and influencing others to follow the individual. To back up this definition Mitchell Rothstein (2010) puts it that the individual self leader needs to identify experiences for growth which they need to take advantage of so that they become better leaders and influence others to follow them. Mitchell also adds that the self leaders need to understand and examine themselves before they can undertake the task of leading others. Robert Lussier and Christopher Achua have discussed self assessment in the leadership context defining it as the process through which individuals review and gauge their performance for the purpose of improving their leadership performance. Authors Rajnandini Pillai and Susan Stites have however brought to light the drawb acks of self assessment in self leadership and human resource practices among them that the assessment instills too much confidence on the self leaders when they get a high score. The high score according to the two authors does not mean that the leader has effective leadership skills. David Andrew and Leanne Atwater on the other hand identify the 3600 Feedback method as one of the self assessment methods that can be used in organizations as part of human resource development practices. The method leads to an improvement of the performance of the organization and its members. Rothstein also adds to the discussion by highlighting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator method as a practice that can be used to improve the organization and impact the human resource practice. In light of the perspectives brought by the different authors on self assessment in self leadership and the impact on contemporary human resource practices, this paper adequately matches up to the discussion. Findings Self Assessment Self assessment is the process through which an individual is able to review and systematically gauge their own performance for the sole purpose of improving their own performance. The individual carries out the review on their own identifying their weaknesses and strengths as well as their own skills and level of knowledge (Lussier Achua, 2009). From the results of the assessment the individual is then can identify the areas and the need for development of their skills and abilities. Review and Critique of Self Assessment Self assessment when used strategically in self leadership and human resource development it can not only increase the motivation and the engagement of the leader but it also helps to pinpoint the areas the individual needs to develop and improve. It can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the development process as well as increase the ability of the individual to make decisions based on his self leadership role (Rothstein, 2010). The process of self assessment involves the use of various activities such as self study using workbooks, identifying capabilities and other preferences. Self assessment is best done as a continuous process where an individual can explore their values, interests, personal resources, goals and decision making styles as a leader. Advantages of using workbooks and other materials to carry out the self study include the fact that these materials are developed by third parties who are experts and very experienced in the field (Werner DeSimone, 20 08). However modifications can be done to suit the style of the leader and the needs of the individual leader. These methods of self assessment are also well structured in a way that allows the individual to easily understand and one is also able to perform the assessment on their own at their own pace and time. Other advantages of the self assessment process in self leadership include the fact that the results of the assessment give the individual a sound basis for the decisions, goals and strategies that they set. The goals and strategies made are very effective and efficient in the self leadership role (Werner DeSimone, 2008). However the self assessment process does have its disadvantages when it comes to self leadership and how it is carried out. One major disadvantage that is identified once the self assessment is carried out includes the fact that the individuals are prone to confuse a high score on the self assessment with self leadership effectiveness (Pillai Stites, 2 003). Self assessment models can be complicated and this also confuses the individuals taking the test. Attributes that are needed in a certain situation in the model may be used on some of the universal self leadership quality situations and be appropriate in the different contexts thereby depicting unintended results (Pillai Stites, 2003). Implications of Self Assessment for Contemporary Human Resource Practice 3600 Feedback This is one of the methods that are used as part of the human resource development practices to effectively improve the performance of the leaders and lead to an improvement of the performance of the organization (Waldman Atwater, 1998). It is considered to be a starting point in the journey of self discovery and self assessment. It helps empower the individual in the face of negative feedback as well as positive feedback. In areas where the feedback is different from the perceptions of the individual, the differences provide an insight to the individual on the impact of their behavior and actions on others. The method is beneficial in the human resource practice in that it allows for the involvement of other employees in the organization. Their input to the organization is valued as they contribute to the future of the organization and their future. The Federal Express organization uses this kind of system to evaluate their managers (Waldman Atwater, 1998). T he Survey Feedback Action program (SFA) puts the philosophy of the employees first as they give their feedback on the performance of their managers and leaders. The method also improves the communication between the leaders and the employees as it facilitates the communication between the two. Organizations are also able to empower their culture as well as holding the managers accountable for their actions. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) This is a self report in form of a questionnaire that is concerned with the perception and judgment of the individual. It also seeks to measure the personal preferences, communication patterns, decision making skills, the thinking style and the leaderà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s orientation with other people (Rothstein, 2010). The method of self assessment has several benefits which include the identification of the weak and strong areas of individuals. It also clarifies the behavior of the managers and the leaders as well as helping the individuals understand different methods and perspectives when solving different problems. It also aims to maximize the benefits and the diversity of leaders as well as the subordinates and helps them to reach more insightful and useful decisions. Through integrating and offering interactive challenges, the approach offers the entire team of the leaders and the employees a chance to generate greater understanding and insights for the development of the entire organization (Johnson, Mauzey, Johnson, Murphy, Zimmerman, 2001). The method is also known to resolve conflicts within organization and also create a lasting impact among the employees and their leaders in the organization. The approach also bears the benefit of helping individuals to understand themselves better regardless of their personality type or their personal traits. Recommendations for Future Research A lot of study has been done on self assessment in self leadership and the impact on human resource practices. Most of the authors have focused on the role of the self assessment in self leadership and how it can be used to improve the performance of the organization and the leaders. While all these approaches and study is important and very beneficial, much more research is needed on the different methods that leaders and individuals can use to assess themselves on their leadership skills and attributes. This will help to bring in some light on the issues that leaders are likely to face as they undertake the assessment and the emerging changes that are occurring in the environment. Research is also needed on the different characteristics and attributes that the self assessments try to highlight and identify. The individuals also tend to use different sources of data to help them to identify their strong and weak areas as well as their development needs. Research should also focus on the different sources of data that the individuals use when carrying out the self assessments and the important role that they all play in the development process. Conclusion Self leadership is considered an important process in the corporate world today. For one to be a leader in any organization, one needs to portray self leadership skills. One of the primary elements of self leadership is self assessment. This element helps the individuals to understand themselves better and to highlight the personality, behavior, skills, talents, strengths and weaknesses among other attributes that help an individual to carry out the self leadership role effectively. The self assessment is carried out with an aim of improving oneself and also enforcing a leader to embrace their individualism. Leaders need to be supported to bring out the best in themselves in order for them to take the organization forward. The self assessment should be followed with a learning process to develop a culture and a practice that will benefit the organization and members of the organization as well.

Sanity in Hamlet by William Shakespeare - 1160 Words

Sanity in Hamlet The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines insanity as, â€Å"a deranged state of the mind that usually occurs as a specific disorder†. In Shakespeares play, Hamlet is considered to be insane by many due to his unstable, deranged behavior and his attitude towards others. Hamlet does an outstanding job of acting insane throughout the play, so good, in fact, that his insanity is questioned to actually be truthful. The answer to Hamlets madness lies in the actual reasons for his insanity. Although Hamlet’s constant altering behavior was scrutinized by individuals as being psychotic, we can not forget that his father was just murdered and he wishes to uncover the truthfulness of his father’s death and avenge the killer. Hamlet chooses to to change his behavior in order to try to put pressure on Claudius to reveal the truth of his father’s murder, he displays rational and intelligent thinking in planning as well as in responding to unplanned situations, and he h as been upset by the recent events that have happened in his life, all of which could create a false image of insanity. Hamlet must make conscious decisions in his interactions with Claudius in order to make an effort to uncover the truth of his father’s murder. If Hamlet were to act his normal self it would be obvious that he knows about the murder, so he comes up with a plan to display a deranged manner to throw everyone off as to what he does or does not know about the murder. If King Claudius found outShow MoreRelatedThe Sanity Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet1938 Words   |  8 Pagesantagonist as mentally ill brings depth to the character’s essence. Many acclaimed critics question the sanity of the protagonist in one of William Shakespeare’s most famous plays, Hamlet. The question of Prince Hamlet’s sanity divides readers into two different opinions: one defending his plan of fake insanity and the other confirming his insanity. In his plan to avenge his father’s death, Hamlet disguises himself as mad. Unfortunately, Hamlet’s intricate plan backfires as his mental illnesses becomeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Honors English IV Mrs. Joyner Sanity VS. Insanity â€Å"Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare s genius, when comedy and history ceased to be adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon his great series of tragic writings† (The World s Best Essays from the Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. Hamlet is constantly on the brink of insanityRead MoreAnalysis Of Hamlet s Sanity By William Shakespeare1154 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Hamlet’s Sanity Throughout Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, we questioned Hamlet’s sanity. Did Hamlet have a mental illness or was it all an act? Was he really that great of an actor or was he really losing his mind slowly? Did Hamlet father’s death caused his insanity or was it his motivation? One part of the play, you would think he is not insane, and has out smarted everyone. Then in others scenes, you would think he had completely lost it. He often toyed with the idea of killing himselfRead MoreDoubt in Hamlet1267 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyse the theme of doubt in Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, doubt is one of the most important themes. In fact, the whole play is based on the story of a ghost who claims to be Hamlet’s father, and nobody can be sure if what he says is the truth. In this essay, I am going to focus on the theme of doubt throughout the play. I will first speak about the opening scene, and then I will talk about the ghost, which is a supernatural element used by Shakespeare to create doubt in the play. IRead MoreDoubt in Hamlet1256 Words   |  6 Pages’ Analyse the theme of doubt in Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, doubt is one of the most important themes. In fact, the whole play is based on the story of a ghost who claims to be Hamlet’s father, and nobody can be sure if what he says is the truth. In this essay, I am going to focus on the theme of doubt throughout the play. I will first speak about the opening scene, and then I will talk about the ghost, which is a supernatural element used by Shakespeare to create doubt in the play. IRead MoreHamlet, Madness or Sanity Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, Madness or Sanity Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is about a young prince who wants revenge when he learns about the murder of his father. As the play begins, Hamlet’s character appears to be a normal, sane person. Moving through the acts Hamlet’s personality changes from normal to depressed. There are hints of insanity that try to convince people Hamlet is â€Å"mad†. Others might say that Hamlet is faking madness to pursue his goal of revenge. First, he sees a â€Å"ghost† that tells Hamlet whoRead MoreHamlets Loss of Faith1323 Words   |  6 Pageswhen he loses faith in his beliefs or in his relationships. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, Hamlet’s uncle Claudius, murders Hamlet’s father to inherit the crown of Denmark and the love of Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude. Throughout the play there are six soliloquies that reveal the character of Hamlet and others. In more than any other Shakespearean play, the audience is painted a better picture of Ha mlet’s mind. Shakespeare questions the social and Christian institutions in the face of tragedy with the usageRead MoreTheme of Guilt in Hamlet Fifth Business Essay example938 Words   |  4 Pagesacid drop it corrodes the soul within and in extreme conditions it demolishes one’s life, it is better known as guilt. Guilt is a reoccurring theme in Robertson Davies’ Fifth Business, and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, that is demonstrated by various characters including, Dunstable Ramsay, Paul Dempster, Hamlet and Claudius and this essay shall compare the theme of guilt between the two literatures. In the novel Fifth Business, guilt is a plague that has spread throughout the lives of Dunstan RamsayRead MoreThe Relationship Between Ophelia and Hamlet: William Shakespeare970 Words   |  4 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, looks at the issue of madness and how it effects the characters of the play. Madness can be looked at from very different perspectives, such as strong and uncontrollable emotions, a person’s desires, and also a persons mental stability. Throughout the play, the audience is questioning the sanity of the main character, Hamlet, as he goes on his quest for revenge. The people around him also show signs of madness, such as Ophelia and Claudius, but in differentRead MoreHamlets Sanity Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet In the story of Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet’s sanity is questioned because of the relationships he had with other characters in the story. Hamlet’s relationship with the other characters did not all start off bad. Gertrude was his mother, Ophelia is the woman that he loved, and Claudius was his stepfather. Eventually over time all of them started a conflict. Hamlet didn’t just have problems with them, he had problems with himself. The problems were internally and externally with

Debate on Gun Control - 518 Words

The Debate on Gun Control The debate concerning gun control has recently become as popular as ever. People question if guns are really necessary. Some wonder that if the government regulates who has the right to own a gun crime rates and death could decrease in the Unites States. Others believe that guns aren’t to blame for deaths; â€Å"guns don’t kill people, people kill people†. How can we conclude which side is right if they both strongly believe in their argument? There are always two sides to an argument; the only way to know which is right is to look at the facts. Gun Control means that the government will regulate the sale and ownership of firearms. Therefore, before getting a permit to carry a gun you will get a detailed background check to make sure you are not an ex-felon or anything that could be a threat. This sounds great to many people, but there is one snag in the plan; criminals will not get their guns registered. If the government begins to regulate ownership of guns, it will not stop criminals from owning one. Since 1950, every public mass shooting (with the exception of one) in the U.S. has occurred in a place where guns are prohibited to carry. Some people just believe this is a coincidence, or that it is just ironic. This is not the case. People who are in charge of the mass shootings want to feel as though they have control of the situation, and if they are the only one carrying a gun they will have the upper hand in the situation. There is a reasonShow MoreRelatedGun Control Debate2109 Words   |  9 PagesGun Control Debate Paper Today in the United States gun control is a topic of immense debate, because of the shooting that took place at Sandy Hook Elementary located in Newtown, Connecticut. This most recent tragic event ended the lives of 20 students and six adults. Similar events have occurred across the United States at a movie theater in Colorado, on college campuses in Texas and Virginia, or at the grocery store in Arizona each destroying families in many communities. The questions deservingRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control878 Words   |  4 Pages Debate on Gun Control Gun control is such a hot debate in the United States of America especially in the wake of so many recent, tragic mass shootings. In this nation nearly half of all US households own at least one gun, and about 31,537 people die from a gunshot each year. There should be some gun control in the United States of America; due to the number of murders of young teenagers and those who are harmless. Someone on an opposing side would say that they disagree, because many peopleRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control1712 Words   |  7 Pages This paper explores gun control through five main articles. There are many standpoints that take place due to the diversity of the articles used. Gun control is a global topic and it comes up in the news all of the time. It affects society because of its wide range of topics it is involved in. This paper talks about different standpoints on gun control, from it why it should be in place, to why it shouldn t be in place, to how other countries have used it. It includes statistics about mass shootingsRead MoreThe Debate On Gun Control2134 Words   |  9 Pages Guns Do Not Belong on Campus The debate on gun control has been an issue in the United States since the country began. The founding fathers of the nation considered the issue so important it was addressed in the second amendment to the Constitution which states, A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed (US Const. amend. II). Of course these words have been interpreted differently through theRead MoreThe Gun Control Debate in America1159 Words   |  5 PagesGUN CONTROL DEBATE IN AMERICA Gun control has become a very hot topic of contention in America today. What seems to echo here are two words: â€Å"guns† and â€Å"crime†, in a sense that are these words mutually exclusive to each other? Does the use of guns ultimately lead to crime? On the flip side, have the laws in America restricting firearm use been effective enough to protect the lives of the citizens? These are some of the questions that strike the hearts of many when the gun control debate music isRead MoreEssay on The Gun Control Debate865 Words   |  4 Pagesstrict gun control policy: if theres a gun around, I want to be in control of it. -- Clint Eastwood Gun control has a history dating back to 1791, when the Second Amendment of the Constitution was ratified. However, more recently, the debate over gun control has escalated into a much more public issue to which many citizens can relate. After all, stories about incidents involving guns appear frequently today in newspapers and on television or the radio. One could say that the debate startedRead MoreThe Debate Over Gun Control1732 Words   |  7 Pages The topic of gun control has become very popular in recent years as there is now more controversy than ever about the role that guns play in today’s world. I have come to be interested in this topic because it seems like not a day goes by anymore where there isn’t a newspaper published with an article slandering either the pro or anti gun control activists. Going into this topic, I was assuming that I would end up reading about a lot of school shootings and how it is just guns that are causingRead MoreThe Debate On Gu n Control Laws915 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens and lawmakers when creating laws regarding gun control. However, the debate on gun control is nothing new. In 1924, Presidential candidate, Robert La Follete said, â€Å"Our choice is not merely to support or oppose gun control but to decide who can own which guns under what conditions.† This debate has been brought up multiple times still in modern day due to no one settling on laws regarding ownership of a firearm. Statistic rates show gun control laws in fact do work, so why haven’t law officialsRead MoreThe Debate On Abortion And Gun Control1604 Words   |  7 Pageswith the governance of a country or other area. This especially applies to the debate or conflict among individuals or parties in hope of achieving power. Dealing with politics there is always a side that agrees and disagrees, thus developing the debate. Two of the most domestic controversial political topics are abortion and gun control. As for internat ional there is terrorism. These three topics have been ongoing debates for some time. Everyone’s opinion on political controversies can be based onRead MoreThe Debate On Owning A Gun Control1409 Words   |  6 PagesToday, the debate on owning a gun has many sides: there are many positives and negatives that come into play when talking about gun control. Gun control is a very controversial issue, however, with the right prevention steps one could relax knowing that the situation is finally being addressed. Most citizens have the right to have a gun other than felons. Felons have no rights to a gun and can not own or have one in their possession. Many people have their own feeling on guns on if they should have

Pestel on Adidas free essay sample

Furthermore, I will portray how Adidas if influenced further by several other factors including social, economic, technological,political and legal factors throughout the company. Adidas is a sports manufacturer founded by German brothers Adolf Dassler and Rudolf Dassler in the 1920s. Adidas products range from shoes and sports equipment to perfume and jewellery. These products an be easily accessed in any major department store, online and individual retailers throughout every big city in almost every country. With the slogan, â€Å"impossible is nothing†, Adidas has a vision that includes a passion for sport. They wish to help athletes accomplish their highest performance with every product they bring to the market. Political factors Adidas, as expected need to be knowledgeable of the political condition of the UK and all other countries in which their product is sold. Adidas policy is to limit and monitor dangerous substances to not harm human health or the environment. This is done through the elimination of the PVC making process. Adidas use substitutes such as Polyurethane, ethyl vinyl, silicones and thermoplastic rubber. (Hayouma 2012) Adidas assembles sales tax in states where a sales tax applies. The tax percentage is determined in each state and local organisations based on their shipping address. Tax is taken in on the order total. However, Purchases of Gift Cards are not included. (Luke Deakin 2012a) In addition, Adidas follows all current important employment laws which helps protect and support the rights of employees. However, as Adidas has production facilities throughout the world in countries such as Asia, minimum wage is a major restriction for Adidas as they can demand labour at a completely different cost as they would in countries that do not have a minimum wage. If they could possess labour below minimum wage in the UK they could relieve transport costs to the UK. Which, in effect, would produce more money that would be used on funding new products. Health and safety are extremely important to Adidas, this is demonstrated through their training activities on employment standards and HR systems. Also,Adidas have established teams to help manage and look over SARS in their Asia factory, washing machines and disinfectant stations. (Luke Deakin 2012b). Furthermore, Adidas would not benefit from government subsidies to help unemployment as no specialist skills are required for manufacturing football boots. If the government were to introduce a number limitation on Adidas products imported, only allowing a specific number of Adidas products to be taken into the country each year. Adidas could overcome this simply by situating a factory in the UK and therefore, removing the quota. Resulting in it not being necessary for products to be imported from other countries. This wouldn’t be great for Adidas as the opportunity cost of cheap labour is the sacrifice of sales by abiding to the quota. In effect, both ways would conclude losing money. This would have a negative outcome on their merchandise as Adidas would have less money to promote their product. (Luke Deakin 2012c). Overall, political factors, although, are taken into consideration by Adidas it does not influence their contemporary business environment drastically. Economical factors Adidas is a huge multinational company which helps countries to decrease unemployment by increasing every year the number of employees. Which in return, only benefits Adidas as less unemployed people means more money in the economy and more money for consumers to spend on Adidas products. As expected, Adidas is largely affected by the economy of the UK. The interest rate in the UK is currently 4. 25%, however it was 3. 75% until 6 months ago, and is probably rising to 4. 5% in the near future. This shows that the interest rate is not very stable and will make it hard for Adidas to plan ahead in terms of budget. (Luke Deakin 2012d). If interest rates are too high, people will buy less and be encouraged to save, causing a decline in the demand for Adidas items. However, it would also not benefit Adidas if the interest rates are too low then people will see products as being cheaper and less valuable and eventually cause inflation to increase. Personal disposable income (PDI) is an element which may affect Adidas. PDI is influenced by the actions of interest rates, taxation and inflation. In basic terms, if consumers have more PDI then the demand for Adidas’ products should go up, and the opposite if people’s Is decreases, due to the same reason as unemployment. (Luke Deakin 2012e) If the inflation rate increases, it will have a bad effect on Adidas as to the consumer Adidas products will become less desirable to the materialistic consumer and eventually change the targeted market. Furthermore, Adidas is partly responsible for the increase of The Industrial Production Growth Rate in Germany from 1% to in 2003 to 1. 7% in 2004 due to their support of the Olympic Games. Adidas 2012). In general, economical factors are largely important to Adidas in influencing their business environment as the state of the economy in a country will establish the overall success of a company within that country. Social factors: As in all countries, the UK consists of several largely different groups of people that come from different financial statuses. It is crucial that A didas are aware of things such as individuals education levels,culture, religion and race. Furthermore age distribution, gender and buying habits. Therefore, they need to help advance their merchandise so that it attracts to all social backgrounds of the UK. Resulting in the optimisation of sales and enable a good accomplish its accessible market share. The age distribution of the UK is constantly increasing, as life expectancy in the UK is also getting larger as a result of betterment in living standards and medical competence. (Luke Deakin 2012f). Nevertheless, this would not effect Adidas because Adidas is a company that specialises in sports, and the vast majority of the market for sports clothing relies on the younger generation. Therefore, this issue shouldn’t cause an issue for Adidas as it will be targeting younger age groups. The UK is becoming increasingly more dependant on the Internet, meaning that the way in which people buy products are differing. Other than using the normal way of purchasing products from inside a physical building, an increasing amount of the public are purchasing items from the Internet. (Hayouma 2012b). This is because Internet is easily the fastest and simplest way in which to buy goods and is less time consuming. It would be beneficial for Adidas to recognise this and advertise their product more frequently online. Ultimately, social factors do influence Adidas modern business environment to a certain extent. However, there are several other factors which influence Adidas business environment further. Environmental Factors Adidas take pride in being an environmentally friendly company. This is smart as it prevents boy cotting and encourages customers to trust in the honesty of Adidas. Especially as the craze to be environmentally green and friendly is more encouraged than ever before. Adidas derive their key focus for being environmentally conscious consistently. This is done through several specific areas covered by the Adidas team. For instance, In crafting and building new buildings, business partners are largely encouraged to adopt green building practices. The Environmental benefits of green buildings are that it: †¢ Embellishes and conserves ecosystems and biodiversity †¢ Advances air and water quality †¢ Decreases solid waste †¢ Protects natural resources . (Adidas 2012b). Furthermore, Adidas have started to review and analyse their products life cycles. Including each stage of the process such as how products designed, created, manufactured, transported and sold. The process is simple, crude oil is used to manufacture polyester, water is a necessity to produce cotton and chemicals are used for dyeing and finishing fabrics or for tanning leather. These goods are eventually manufactured and sold and inevitably become waste. (Adidas 2012c) Adidas have an Environmental Strategy 2015 which helps create and control their Group’s environmental ambitions. The Environmental Strategy 2015 aims to decrease their environmental footprint 15% by 2015 relative to sales. It pursues a clear vision and sets goals that will be achieved by 2015. (Adidas 2012d). These goals cover every value chain from product creation to sourcing and production and from their own operations to their shops and all other places that sell Adidas products In addition, there are further new designs of greener products and more reusable and recyclable materials are used. Product safety, sourcing and manufacturing, climate change,and end of life are all factors within Adidas ever progressing environmental strategy. (Adidas 2012e). To sum up, environmental factors are substantial to creating a healthy image and evidently, environmental factors are significant in determining Adidas business environment.

Alternative fuels essays

Alternative fuels essays When attending school to be certified to fix state emission failures, instructors tell stories about emission subjects. One in particular that comes to mind is about a couple that tried to end their lives. The instructor showed a paper clipping, from what paper I do not remember, of an older couple who closed the garage door with the car inside. It was a newer Lincoln. They started the car and waited for the inevitable to happen. The problem was that after five hours someone else noticed the car was running and found the couple. The car was so clean running it could not do what the couple wanted it to do, end there lives. The car was designed to run on gasoline with zero emissions. It almost leaves the air cleaner, than before it uses it. The way individuals move from one point to another has changed over the years. In the last one hundred years, it has been courtesy of the internal combustion engine. Gasoline has been what drives the engine to move the population. The way an engine works is by vacuum being transformed into compression and downward pressure on the pistons by means of combustion of a fuel. The engine's absolute vacuum is created by the pistons being forced downward by an adjacent cylinder connected by the crankshaft. When the valves open it allows air to enter the air intake and the correct stoichiometric mixture of fourteen point seven to one is attempted. If the correct mixture is not achieved raw fuel is released into the atmosphere through the tailpipe as pollution. The amount of fuels that can be run in this style of engine is numerous. Gasoline was discovered years ago by refining crude oil and adding various additives to boost the octane levels. Lead was introduced as an upper cylinder lubricant. It was found not to be necessary, and to be harmful to the environment and health. Most recently, we are trying to reduce emissions from tailpipes of vehicles that run on fossil fuels. These five major emission...

Sediments Threaten Salmon

Sediments Threaten Salmon Free Online Research Papers In the year 2009, the Glines Canyon Dam and the Elwha Dam are scheduled to start being removed from the Elwha River, located in the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. The sediment that has built up behind these dams threatens the overall geomorphic condition of the river if released downstream. The Elwha Dam was built in the early 1900’s, 4.9 miles from the mouth of the river. The construction of this dam was finished in 1914. Glines Canyon Dam was completed 8.5 miles further upstream in 1927. Both of these dams impound reservoirs. The Elwha Dam forms the Lake Aldwell reservoir, and the Glines Canyon Dam forms the Lake Mills reservoir. (See Figure 1) The Glines Canyon Dam stands at 210 feet tall. This will be the tallest dam ever removed in the United States to date. Before the dams were built, the Elwha River was used my natives and produced about 380,000 migrating salmon and trout. The construction of Elwha Dam eliminated about ninety-three percent of the Elwha River habitat for these migratory fish, and thus began a very steep decline in the native populations of all ten runs of Elwha salmon and sea-run trout. The 1855 treaties between the Northwest tribes and the United States governm ent guarantee the tribes the right to fish in their accustomed places indefinitely, but the disappearance of the Elwha salmon runs has made this impossible for the Lower Klallam Elwha tribes. More than 300 dams have been removed in the United States in the last 20 years, but the Elwha River dams are the first to be acquired by the federal government primarily for the purpose of decommissioning, removal and restoring wild salmon. The Elwha River Ecosystem and Fisheries Restoration Act of 1992 authorized the Secretary of the Interior to acquire and remove the Elwha and Glines Canyon dams on the Elwha River to fully restore the ecosystem and native fisheries. The National Park Service completed two Environmental Impact Statements. EIS-1, (Environmental Impact Statement 1) found that both dams, the Glinds Canyon Dam as well as the Elwha Dam, must be removed to meet the goals of the Elwha Act. EIS-2 recommends allowing sediments accumulated within the reservoirs to naturally erode downstream. When the Glines Canyon Dam is to be removed the sediment, which is built up behind the dam and then is released downstream, threatens the ability for salmon to get upstream and spawn natu rally. Figure 1: Figure 1 map shows the locations of the Glines Canyon Dam, Elwha Dam, and the reservoirs resulting from them in the Olympic National Park. [Source: www.AmericanRivers.org/elwha] The fundamental geomorphic change associated with a dam’s presence on or removal from a river is the alteration of the longitudinal profile of the river. Dams create a long, flat-water surface marked by an abrupt drop in elevation at the dam. After a dam is removed, water levels and channel positions more closely resemble the original morphology of the river, and the sediments that had been stored behind the dam are sculpted by the subsequent river flow. This adjustment to a new longitudinal profile can cause major changes in the distributions of aquatic organisms, like salmon and sea-run cutthroat trout.1 One of the major environmental challenges of removing high dams is the height of sediments behind the reservoir. This is less of a concern with low-head dams or dams in wide valleys, because the vertical relief of the low sediment deposits does not create as much potential for abrupt vertical erosion. The elevation of natural floodplains in most rivers is a small, from less than 1% up to 10% of the width of the bankfull river channel. A bankfull is a hydrological measure that generally indicates the height or stage of water that just fills the channel. After a high dam, like the Glines canyon Dam, has been constructed, deposits of sediment upstream of the dam may exceed the relative dimensions of floodplain and bankfull channels found in natural river networks. The removal of a dam with deep sediment deposits may create high, unstable terraces that are accessible to flood waters at the upstream end of the reservoir that existed before the dam’s removal but perched far above th e channel at the downstream end. The potential for episodic flood erosion of these high terraces and incision of lateral channels into the terraces complicates the restoration of the river and its floodplain after dam removal. The volume of sediments associated with dams can have major geomorphic and biological consequences for downstream reaches. Removing a dam can release large volumes of sediment to downstream reaches over short periods of time and creates easily eroded floodplains. The timing of sediment release and the downstream extent of sediment deposition are difficult to predict, leading to a high degree of uncertainty about ecological effects. Subsequent erosion of sediment deposits behind the dam results in frequent and complex channel change within the reach upstream of the dam. All this sediment greatly threatens biological life, specifically survival of salmon in the Elwha River.2 The life cycle of a salmon is quite interesting. Adult male and female salmon spawn together in gravel beds of rivers and streams. Using rapid fanning movements of her tail, the female salmon digs out a gravel nest. This nest is called a redd. The male fertilizes the eggs as the female deposits them. The female protects the redd for one to two weeks or as long as she is able before it dies. The fertilized eggs, or embryos, hatch and develop into alevins. An alevin is a newly hatched fish in the larval stage, one which has not yet emerged from the redd. As tiny alevins, they continue to live in the redd. Their food comes from a nutrient rich yolk sac attached to their undersides. The freshly hatched alevins mature into fry. This occurs as the yolk sac is absorbed into the alevin’s body, and the alevin emerges from the redd. Once they become fry, they develop vertical bars called parr marks on their sides that help them remain camouflaged from predators. The parr marks last from a few months to years, depending on the specific species of salmon.3 After a period of feeding and growth in freshwater, the fry begin migrating downstream towards the ocean. The fry become smolts as they migrate downstream towards the ocean. Smolts undergo physiological changes that allow them to adapt to the saltwater conditions in the ocean. One of the most distinctive physical changes is the transformation from a brown color with stripes to a more silvery color that serves as camouflage in the ocean environment. The smolts grow to a fully developed adult salmon as they continue their journey to the ocean habitat. Depending on the species, salmon will spend from one to five years in the ocean and travel hundreds to thousands of miles before returning to the stream where they were hatched. Some fish stray to nearby rivers, colonizing new areas and replenishing weak populations. These adult salmon become spawners themselves. Most salmon spawn only once during their lifetime and die within a week or so of spawning. One very important aspect of these s almon dying is the nutrients from their decomposing bodies help to fertilize the stream. Yet some steelhead and sea-run cutthroat trout can spawn more than once. After these adult fish, called kelts, spawn they migrate back to a saltwater environment.4 Excess sediment present can significantly affect the productivity of a salmon or trout stream.5 In a healthy stream, young salmon and trout hide in the interstitial spaces between cobbles and boulders to avoid predators. In streams that get extremely cold in winter, young steelhead may actually burrow into the streambed and spend the winter in flowing water down within the gravel. The area of the stream where flowing water extends down into the gravel is also extremely important for aquatic invertebrates; which supplies most of the food for young salmon, steelhead and sea-run cutthroat trout. If fine sediment is clogging interstitial spaces between streambed gravel, juvenile salmonids lose their important source of cover and food. Salmon, steelhead and coastal cutthroat trout are also very vulnerable to sediment pollution because they build their nests in the stream bottom. The eggs, buried one to three feet deep in the gravel redd, rely on a steady flow of clean cold water to deliver oxygen and remove waste products. In coastal streams the eggs usually hatch in about thirty days, depending on the water temperature. Eggs hatch into alevin and remain in the gravel another thirty days or so, living on the nutrients in their yolk sacs. As they develop into fry, the yolk is used up and the fry must emerge through spaces in the gravel to take up life in the stream. During the sixty-day period when eggs and alevin are in the gravel, major shifts of the stream bottom can cause them to die.6 Tappel and Bjornn demonstrated that increased fine sediment in spawning gravels caused decreased survival and emergence of salmonid eggs and alevin.7 (See Figure 2) Nawa and Frissel found fines less than 0.85 mm to have the highest impact on salmonid spawning success.8 Particles of less than 6.4 mm are recognized as having the potential to infiltrate their redds; forming a layer in the stream gravels which sometimes prevents emergence of the fry.9 Kondolf, in a review of this, found that when fines that were less than 6.4 mm exceeded thirty percent, it reduced salmonid emergence and survival by about fifty percent.10 Figure 2: Figure 2 graph shows that as the percentage of fine-grained sediment in streambeds increases, development of salmon eggs into emergent fry decreases. [Source: North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3:132] Studies conducted in actual redds in Olympic Peninsula streams in Washington State found that if there was more than thirteen percent fine sediment, less than 0.85 mm, intruded into the redd then almost no Steelhead or Coho salmon eggs survived.11 It was also noted that fine sediment levels inside and outside Coho salmon redds varied substantially. Fines less than 1.0 mm can sometimes average seven percent inside redds, yet can average thirteen percent outside them and with no inside redd measurement in excess of thirteen percent. Salmon do have the ability to substantially lower fine sediment in the redd pocket during redd construction. However, if fine sediment levels in the streambed outside the redd are high, there is a potential for fines to intrude into already constructed redds during high flows and high turbidity.12 Because the redd is a depression in the streambed, it creates the Venturi effect, drawing water down into the gravel. The Venturi effect is a special case of fluid or airflow through a tube or pipe with a constriction in it. The fluid must speed up in the restriction, reducing its pressure and producing a partial vacuum. This effect is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi. Fine sediment in suspension during storms may be sucked down into the redd. Tappel and Bjornn noted that pore space and permeability were key variables in the quality of salmonid spawning gravel, and suggested using the central tendency of particles as a standard.13 They assumed that, because of varying head diameters, Coho salmon have less success emerging as fry than Steelhead or sea-run Cutthroat when fine sediment levels in redds are high. Chapman suggested that measuring permeability itself might be a quicker, and more cost effective method of measuring sediment impacts on salmonids. Chapman concluded that measuring permeability was defined as the variability in spawning gravel quality with better resolution, and also at lower cost than substrate composition analysis.14 The relationship between permeability and salmonid egg survival is not as well known. Suspended sediment in the water column causes turbidity. Nawa and Frissel found that turbidities as low as twenty-five nephelometric turbidity units (ntu’s) caused a reduction in juvenile steelhead and Coho growth.15 High turbidity during winter impacts the feeding ability of juvenile salmon, steelhead and cutthroat trout. The longer the duration of high turbidity the more damages to fish and other aquatic organisms.16 Measurement of turbidity were taken in excess of twenty-five ntu’s for weeks at a time in Freshwater Creek, located in Humboldt County California, in the winter of 1999.17 Coho and Chinook salmon do not have the leaping ability of Steelhead and are confined to low gradient reaches. These reaches were formerly the most productive spawning and rearing areas, with an abundant supply of good gravel and large wood. High bed load transport can bury low gradient reaches, making them much simpler and less productive salmonid habitat. These formerly productive low gradient reaches become wide and shallow and recovery of fish habitat may take a long time, perhaps decades.18 Lisle noted that recovery of streams with high gradient precedes much more rapidly following large flood events.19 Loss of pool volume has dramatic effects of salmon populations. During the year they spend in freshwater, Coho salmon prefer deep pools that form around large pieces of wood. High sediment transport can fill pools and cause reduction or loss of essential salmonid juvenile rearing habitat.20 Nawa and Frissel noted that optimal Coho habitat is comprised of pools of at least one meter deep, and found that yearling and older steelhead juveniles needed pools at least three feet deep for successful rearing.21 When both the Elwha and the Glinds Canyon Dams are removed, the river will flow freely for the first time is about one hundred years. That is a lot of time that sediments such as silt, sand, and gravels have had to build up behind these dams. In order to determine if river restoration is successful, it is important to have scientific information as to the geomorphic condition of the river before dam removal occurs. The USGS (United States Geological Survey) is developing suspended sediment monitoring systems, studying how sediment may be redistributed, and assessing how dam removal will affect the ecosystem of the Elwha valley. This will greatly help resource managers understand the effects of dam removal on sediment transport, watershed ecology, and aquatic habitat like salmon populations. This information will be essential for examining improvements in salmon habitat that may come with the removal of these dams on the Elwha River. My hope is that they use the Dredge and Slurry alternative, which is removing fine-grained sediment prior to dam removal by using suction dredges, and sending the slurry to a different location like the Strait of Juan de Fuca. In my opinion, this is the method that needs to be used when considering river morphology. The sediment that is built up behind the Glines Canyon Dam poses a huge threat on salmon habitat and survival. In order to ensure salmon survival after these dams are removed, the Dredge and Slurry alternative seems to be the answer to me. But we will just have to wait and see what the â€Å"experts† decide to do. A lot of time and research still needs to be done before the destruction of these dams begin. If the Elwha dam removals succeed, they will provide a really strong example of what a powerful restoration tool dam removal can be. Bibliography Behnke, Robert J. 2002. Trout and Salmon of North America. Chanticleer Press Inc. pp 2-10. Chapman. D.W. 1988. Critical Review of Variables Used to Define Effects of Fines in Redds of Large Salmonids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 117: 1-21. Gilbert, Francis A. 2003. Restoring the Flow: Undamming of America. Blockwells Pub Inc. pp 32-47 Kondolf, G.M. 2000. Assessing Salmonid Spawning Gravel Quality. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 129:262-281. Lisle, T.E., and J. Lewis. 1992. Effects of sediment transport on survival of Salmonid embryos in a natural stream: A simulation approach. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 49: 2337-23344. McHenry, M.L., D.C. Morrill and E. Currence. 1994. Spawning Gravel Quality, Watershed Characteristics and Early Life History Survival of Coho Salmon and Steelhead in Five North Olympic Peninsula Watersheds. Lower Elwha SKlallam Tribe, Port Angeles, WA. Makah Tribe, Neah Bay, WA. Washington State Department of Ecology. Nawa, R.K. and C.A. Frissell. 1993. Measuring scour and fill of gravel stream beds with scour chains and sliding bead monitors. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 13: 634-639. Newcombe, C.P. and D.D. MacDonald. 1991. Effects of Suspended Sediments on Aquatic Ecosystems. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 11: 72-82. Tappel, P.D., and T.C. Bjornn. 1983. Methods of relating size of spawning gravel to salmonid embryo survival. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 3:123-135. Research Papers on Sediments Threaten SalmonMind TravelCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationStandardized TestingGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Real-world companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Real-world companies - Essay Example Geographical barriers trade and tariff rules are great threat for it. Maintaining the brand image is also a big threat for Nestle (Nash, 2000). PEST Analysis Political: Political factors can mold the business in a great extent. Due to which Nestle may bear different taxes which increase the operational cost of Nestle. Economical: Economical factors like inflation have a great encroachment over the Nestle business. Socia-cultural: People have more awareness about brand due to cultural factors so it is costly to maintain the social symbol. Technology: Rapid change in technology is a great threat for Nestle to maintain its innovation and enhance the R&D operations (Peter and Olson, 2004). Porter’s 5 forces Model The threat of substitute: Substitute low price products are the biggest threat for the company while Nestle is providing its customers with quality products at a reasonable price. The threat of new entry: Low entry barriers are there. Entry of any new firm having same sta ndard products can be a great threat for Nestle. Competitive rivalry: There is high competitive rivalry because Nestle is competing with other organizations which offer the same products at low cost. The bargaining power of supplier: Due Supplier of Nestle have increased bargaining power. The bargaining power of buyers: New entrants and their offers have increased the bargaining power of buyers (Nash, 2000). Competitive advantages of Nestle: Nestle Company started off as the single idea from Henri Nestle who was a pharmacist. He formulated a mil formula for infants who had less tolerance for mother milk in 1866. This was the breakthrough for him as the entire Europe came up with the largest demand for this formula. Since then Nestle has been increasing the size the company and expanding in almost all countries. Not only business expansion but Nestle also has expanded the product line by introducing variety in every product they offer (Etzel, et. al., 2004). By using the innovation a nd renovation in the product line, Nestle has been able to gain competitive advantage in the global market. Nestle’s trademark has become a barrier to many other companies with people considering its products as a benchmark to follow. Here are some of the competitive advantages that Nestle is enjoying at the moment: Nestle is leading the overall global market position. It is either number one or two brands in most of the countries and regions globally. The larger scope of Nestle’s extraordinary business is providing significant and sustainable economies of scale in marketing, manufacturing and administration processes of the business. Nestle has developed a wide research and development department with capabilities and expertise that allow the company to lead in the innovative products which ultimately leads to flexibility in portfolio maximization and profitability (Etzel, et. al., 2004). Business strategies used by Nestle: Innovation: Innovation is one of the key bus iness strategies that is bringing a sustained competitive advantage to Nestle. A great deal of applied and pure science research is part of R&D centers of Nestle in order to bring innovation but consumer benefit remains at the core of the business. Whatever designed or produced is customer oriented. The Nestle’s innovative strategy focuses on providing: Health and nutrition Quality and safety of every Nestle products

Role of Vision at Mentor Graphics Research Paper

Role of Vision at Mentor Graphics - Research Paper Example Mentor Graphics in its quest to keep up lost its direction and ended up struggling to stay afloat. In the process Mentor Graphics lost sight of what it had set out to achieve. Vision is being used as a competitive mantra to beat their opponents. This was a reactionary measure when a new entrant came into the scene. In changing its vision because of competition, Mentor Graphics was focusing on its short term goals and in essence abandoning its long-term goals. Instead of using vision as an agent would strategically bring about change, Mentor Graphics used change as an architect of its vision. This is simply catastrophic at the very least and non-strategic. Another way vision is used is to capture the attention of its customer. Gerard Langeler and his team change their vision to make it more appealing to them. Again this is a deviation from its set objectives. Mentor Graphics even goes as far as basing their vision on the key pillars of their business based on stock performance. This random uncalculated move sank them into a quagmire situation when one of their key pillars does not yield profits. Again this is a reactionary move necessitated by the need to fix a short-term goal (Gratton, 2004). The vicious cycle of randomly conceived visions serves only to cast the company further away from their goals. The changes made to the vision of Mentor Graphics only favored it in the short term. Whilst its sales may have gone up in the short run, in the long run it distanced the company from its set out objectives hence business kept declining (Gratton,2004) .Thus the continuous changes made to the vision only worked to weaken and hurt the company in its long term goals. The main reason why vision failed miserably at Mentor Graphics was lack of a well-conceived strategy from the start. The company failed in strategically planning its course of action in the future. Their inconsistence in the criteria they used to come up with vision statements had long-term

The Life and Teachings of Siddhartha Gautama Essay Example for Free

The Life and Teachings of Siddhartha Gautama Essay Buddhism is a way of life for Buddhists, based on the teachings of a man who had lived more than two and a half thousand years ago in northern India. He was born in the foothills of Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, in about 563BCE, and was called Siddhartha. His family was called Gautama, and his father (Shuddhodana) was the rular of the Shakya clan at that time. Everyone who followed Siddhartha called him the Buddha, which means the enlightened one. They believed that he had found the truth about life. Many stories about the life of the Buddha were passed on by word of mouth for about 600 years before anyone wrote them down. They were a constant reminder of the Buddha and all the things he did for other people. Siddharthas father felt very strongly about him taking over as rular. He therefore gave Siddhartha everything he wanted and every luxury he could have. He didnt tell his son about suffering and death because he didnt want to upset him. He was afraid that these things would stop him from becoming interested in religion. Because Siddhartha was a prince, he was taught the skills of archery, horsemanship, swordplay and martial arts. He was given the staff of beautiful young women to care for him and to look after him. When he was only nineteen, he married a beautiful princess named Yasodhara. Because she was a princess, she was allowed to choose her husband from the local princes. She chooses Siddhartha after a number of competitions, which included lots of things such as sports and the singing of love-songs! They then had a son whose name was Rahula. When Siddhartha decided to go out in his chariot, his father sent all his servants to go and get all the blind and sick people of the streets because he didnt want to upset his son, but Siddhartha saw four things that changed his life. He saw an old man, a sick man, a corpse and a Hindu holy man, or a Sadhu. After seeing the first three of these, Siddhartha knew that he had to grow old and die. He no longer wanted a life of luxury but wanted to be ordinary. He wanted to help these people overcome their suffering. He wanted to become more like a Sadhu, who gave up all his possessions and time to lead a spiritual life. He knew that this spiritual life was for him to live. Then, one night, he left his family at the palace. Channa, his charioteer, drove him out of his fathers city. He cut off all his hair, took off all his fine clothes and, wearing just a simple robe, he set out to a homeless life. He was 29 years old. For six years Siddhartha lived under strict discipline of the Hindu religion. In other words he lived as an ascetic. He had settled to live with five other holy men near the River Nairanjana. He had trained himself to fast for long periods of time and when he had done that he only ate a little, just enough for him to live on. Some people said that he nearly killed himself fasting like that. He grew so thin that you could see his backbone through his stomach. Then, one day, he decided that this fasting and discipline wasnt doing him any good. He was trying to find the truth about life and this discipline wasnt helping, so he gave it up. He went down to the river and bathed, and on the way back he met a milkmaid named Nandabala, and she offered him some rice pudding to eat. He accepted it. The other holy men thought that Siddhartha was giving up his fast and as a consequence, they then decided to desert him. Unfortunately, he had not done what he came to do. He still wanted to find the meaning and purpose of life and to understand how to overcome the suffering that there was. He went and sat at the bottom of a tree and vowed that he would not move until he had achieved this enlightenment. He sat under the tree all night, trying to deal with temptations. Then, he was said to have gained this enlightenment. The tree that he sat under is now called the Bodhi-tree because the word for enlightenment is Bodhi. He was thirty-five when he became enlightened. For the rest of his life, until he died at eighty, he had walked all over India. One of the main places where he taught was Varanasi, where he explained his teaching-which is now the basis of all Buddhist understanding and practice. He found the sanga- the order of monks and nuns who spent their lives spreading the teaching. Most people dont choose to be monks or nuns. They follow the Buddhas teaching, and apply it to work and family life. The sanga refers to all those who are monks or nuns. By the time the Buddha had died thousands of people in India had become his followers. During the next century his teaching spread throughout most of Asia. Today there are well over 500 million Buddhists living in countries such as India, Nepal, Thailand, Japan etc. There are many Buddhist centres in the west, Europe and the U.S.A. The Buddhists believe that everyone can achieve enlightenment. They hope to do so. Some say that we all have the Buddha nature within ourselves. Siddhartha is called the Buddha because he was the first to be enlightened in this way. The Buddhists respect the Buddha in many different ways. They respect him as a great and famous teacher, helping others to understand the truth and meaning of life, and to help them gain enlightenment like the Buddha.

Women as News Anchors Essay -- Women Feminism Careers Employment Essay

Women as News Anchors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Women in all careers are striving to gain equality in the work force today, and female television news anchors are definitely part of the fight. The road to television news anchoring is a rocky one, where only a few women survive and many fail. Where progress was once thought to have been made, there aren't many females getting ahead in the world of television news. Today, there is a very slow, if any, gain in the numbers of women who succeed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many questions surrounding the subject of women in television news, and I will attempt to answer relevant ones in this paper. How have the women that actually make it to the top and succeed as anchorwomen, done it? What does it take to make it? Why do those few endure it/enjoy it? Why has it been and still is difficult for women? What are the expectations of women in the field, as opposed to the expectations of men?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am interested in this topic because I once aspired to become a television broadcaster. I still have inspiration in me, but not quite as much due to the negative and discouraging aspects I have heard about in classes and in the media. I am not sure that I could be happy in a career such as this, and I know there are great difficulties in "making it" in this profession. I have read about the incredible ambition of successful females in television news, and it seems like it takes a special kind of passion to want to keep up in the business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I kept my questions in mind when gathering research material. While focusing on the key questions, I was able to find information that led me to form answers to them. Christine Craft's biography told of her individual experience of being fired on the basis of her looks and her age. I realized from reading her story that she had a "nose for news", a passion for telling it to the world, and a unique spark that made her a good journalist, yet those qualities weren't enough in her case. She took that passion and spark, filed a sexual discrimination case and won.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hard News: Women in Broadcast Journalism had a few chapters that were relevant to today, and I could draw on some information for my paper. However, much of the information was historical and not helpful to answering my questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Battling for News concentrated mainly on print journalism. There was material about the fi... ...ays of anchormen, "Old anchors never fade away. And they can't be killed by mortal means" (Katz 1995, p. 164).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sadly, forward movements aren't apparent today by women in television news. Forty years ago, a female gaining the anchor position on the evening news was a leap forward. Today "it feels more like a step backward, an attempt to stuff accomplished, contemporary women into an ill-fitting straightjacket" (Katz 1995, p. 164).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is apparent that women news anchors face many more struggles than men in the field. It takes a unique individual to fight through those struggles and strive for what they want most: to relay news throughout the world. Equality with men is far from being reached, but a few females have stood their ground and hopefully made a difference for others that follow. If people open their eyes and realize there are plenty of women who are just as, if not more, competent than men at holding an anchor position, women could gain respect within the field. For now, the few women who find success and are willing to endure the hardships that come along will likely survive in the business, at least until age hinders their physical appearance.

Mayan Civilization with citations!

The Mayans were an extremely advanced Micronesian civilization. They were located near modern day Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Mexico,l on the Yucatan Peninsula. They were skilled in art and architecture. This is evident by the many pyramids they constructed. 3 This civilization also utilized a great deal of technology. They built magnificent cities with huge stone temples and pyramids. They also developed an advanced system of writing, mathematics and astronomy, which they used to calculate an curate calendar. Another example of how the Mayans were advanced is their agricultural technology. For example, they used the slash and burn method on their crops in order to clear plots of land and fertilize the soil. 2 Mayans used certain building techniques which is a part of what makes their civilization unique as well as successful. Because there were such large supplies of limestone and flint available, plaster and cement was easily produced. This allowed the Mayans to bu ild impressive temples and stepped pyramids.Flat roofs made of cedar beams overlaid with mortar were also common in this area, along with murals often displaying religious figures in vibrant colors. L Certain cities were particularly famous for this typical Amman architecture. One of these cities is Diktat. It was the largest city in the empire, home to over 100,000 people. There were eight pyramids built in the city. 2 This civilization also had its own interesting religious beliefs. The Mayans were polytheistic and worshipped hundreds of gods, each of whom played a different role n the creation of the earth.The religion seems to have been made up of thirteen heavens and nine underworlds ruled by the nine lords of the nights, whose names are not known. Of all of the gods worshipped in this civilization, the sky god was the most important to the Mayans. The god of the sky was also the most frequent to appear in their ancient art, which included sculptures, ceramics, murals and archi tectural structures. It is evident that many of the structures built by the ancient Mayans were built in honor of the gods.Certain compounds were built with large open areas, from which all the citizens could view religious ceremonies, such as sacrifices that were held on elevated platforms. L The Mayans had an advanced language that they used to communicate with each other. Their alphabet was composed of glyphs rather than letters. 2 Not all inscriptions of this text can be deciphered yet. However, analyzing the written language became easier in the 1950 when a Russian ethnologist named Yuri Valedictorian Morrison proposed that the Amman script was at least partly phonetic.His theory was later proved correct, which was a breakthrough for all those studying this ancient civilization. 4 Another impressive feature of the Mayans was their strategic military. The empire was once thought to be peaceful, and held military forces solely for defensive purposes. Eventually, population growth increased competition with others, resulting in heightened levels of violence. Military action became involved in order to gain political control of people, land and resources. Some scholars have suggested that the capture of sacrificial victims was another driving force behind warfare.Mayans also had a decentralized government which made it more difficult to defeat, in turn protecting the nation from becoming over-ruled. 6 Overall, the Mayans were an extremely successful civilization. They made many significant discoveries in math and science. They also flourished artistically. After experienced a golden age lasting five centuries (300 to 800 AD), the Mayans suddenly and mysteriously abandoned their cities. The cause could have been from disease, natural disaster, deforestation, or even revolt but it is unknown to this day.

Women’s Rights in the 1930s in the United States

In the 1930s, women’s equality was not as flashy an issue as in some previous and subsequent eras. The decade did, however, bring slow and steady progress, even as new challenges—especially economic and cultural ones—emerged that actually reversed some earlier advances. Context: Womens Roles in 1900–1929 Women in the first decades of the 20th century saw an increased opportunity and public presence, including a strong role in union organizing. During World War I, many women whod been stay-at-home mothers and wives entered the workforce for the first time. Women activists agitated for more than the vote, which was finally won in 1920, but also for workplace fairness and safety, minimum wages, and the abolition of child labor. African American women became central to the cultural flowering of the Harlem Renaissance that followed World War I. In many urban black communities, these same courageous women were also standing up for equal rights and beginning the long fight to end the horrific practice of lynching. During the Roaring Twenties, information on contraceptives became increasingly widespread, allowing women the freedom to engage in sexual activity without the often inevitable consequences of pregnancy. Other factors that led to greater sexual freedom included more relaxed clothing styles and societal attitudes that were less restrictive. 1930s—The Great Depression Minnesota Historical Society/Getty Images While the new phenomenon of the airplane drew some elite women, including Ruth Nichols, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Beryl Markham, and Amelia Earhart (whose career spanned the late 1920s through 1937 when she and her navigator were lost over the Pacific) to become pilots, with the 1929 market crash and the onset of the Great Depression, for most women, the cultural pendulum swung backward.   With fewer jobs available, employers generally preferred to award those they had to men whod traditionally worn the mantle of the family breadwinner. As fewer and fewer women were able to find employment, the societal ideals that had embraced increasing female freedoms did an about-face. Domesticity, motherhood, and homemaking once again became regarded as the only truly proper and fulfilling roles for women. But some women still needed to work, and work they did. While the economy was losing some jobs, in newer fields, such as the radio and telephone industries, job opportunities for women were actually expanding. One of the main reasons women were hired for many of these new jobs that resulted from emerging technology was that they could be paid considerably less than men (and often still are). Again, the wage gap was justified by the stereotype of the male breadwinner needing earnings that would support not just himself, but a traditional family—whether he was married or not. Another place where women were thriving in the workplace was the growing film industry whose ranks included many powerful female stars. Ironically, even as many female stars hauled in hefty salaries and outearned their male co-stars, the majority of 1930s film fare consisted of movies aimed at selling the idea that a woman’s place was in the home. Even those onscreen characters who were strong, charismatic career women usually gave it all up for the love, marriage, and the husband that were requisite for a traditional Hollywood happy ending—or were punished for not doing so. The New Deal When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, working men and women were still reeling from the effects of the Great Depression. Under Roosevelts influence, a 1938 key women’s rights and labor rights decision by the Supreme Court, West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, found that minimum wage legislation was constitutional. Along with his progressive policies, Roosevelt also brought a new breed of First Lady, in the person of Eleanor Roosevelt, to the White House. Thanks to an assertive, capable, and active personality paired with an impressive intellect, former settlement house worker Eleanor Roosevelt was more than just a helpmate to her husband. While Eleanor Roosevelt did provide stalwart support with regard to FDRs physical limitations (he suffered lingering effects of his bout with polio), she was also a very visible and vocal part of her husbands administration. Eleanor Roosevelt and the remarkable circle of women with which she surrounded herself took on active and important public roles that likely would not have been possible had another candidate been in office. Women in Government and the Workplace Arrival of American Mission in Rotterdam on board SS Noordam for the Peace Congress at the Hague. Jane Adams is in the center. Bettmann/Getty Images   The issue of women’s rights was less dramatic and widespread in the 1930s than it had been at the height of earlier suffrage battles—or would be again during the subsequent second-wave feminism of the 1960s and 1970s.  Still, some very prominent women affected big changes through government organizations at the time. Florence Kelley, active in the first three decades of the century, was a mentor to many of the women who were activists in the 1930s.  She died in 1932.When she was appointed to be Secretary of Labor by Franklin D. Roosevelt in his first year in office, Frances Perkins became the first woman cabinet official. She served until 1945.  Historically referenced as the woman behind the New Deal,  Perkins was a major force in the creation of the social safety net that included unemployment insurance, minimum wage laws, and the Social Security system.Molly Dewson worked with refugees during World War I and then went on to focus her efforts on labor reform. She championed minimum wage laws for women and children, as well as limiting working hours for women and children to a 48-hour week.  Dewson was an advocate for women working in the Democratic Party and became an ambassador for The New Deal.  Jane Addams continued her Hull House project in the ’30s, serving the poor and im migrant population in Chicago.  Other settlement houses, which were often led by women, also helped provide necessary social services during the Great Depression.  Grace Abbott, who had been head of the Children’s Bureau in the 1920s, taught at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration in the 1930s, where her sister, Edith Abbot, served as dean.  Abbott was a U.S. delegate to the International Labor Organization in 1935 and 1937.Mary McLeod Bethune had served on Presidential commissions under Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover but had a larger role in FDRs administration. Bethune often spoke alongside Eleanor Roosevelt, who became a friend, and she was part of FDR’s â€Å"kitchen cabinet,† advising him on matters involving African Americans. She was involved with establishing the Federal Committee on Fair Employment Practice which worked to end exclusion and wage discrimination for African Americans in the defense industry. From 1936 to 1944, she headed the Division of Negro Affairs within the National Youth Administration.  Bethune also helped bring together several black women’s organizations into the National Council of Negro Women, for which she served as president from 1935 to 1949.